How to say "insurgent" in Japanese

• 賊ぞくCommon
  nounCovers 'insurgent' as a noun: a rebel, insurgent, or traitor who rises against authority, often with a nuance of lawlessness or banditry. Typical in historical or formal contexts referring to armed rebels.
• 難治なんじCommon
  no-adjectiveMatches only the adjectival sense 'rebellious; refractory; obstinate', describing something or someone that resists control or treatment. It is seldom the word you want for an armed insurgent, which is really a person.

Use 賊 for an insurgent as a person — a rebel or armed traitor; 難治 matches 'insurgent' only in its adjective sense of rebellious or refractory, so it is rarely the word for armed insurgents.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

• 逆賊ぎゃくぞくrebel
• 反乱者はんらんしゃrebel
• 造反者ぞうはんしゃrebel
• 賊ぞくrebel
• 難治なんじrebellious