改ざん・改竄|かいざんkaizan[0]heiban (flat)
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Which spelling to use
改ざん改ざん is the most common written form and combines kanji with kana. Beginners should normally choose this form.
改竄改竄 is a less common, kanji-only variant of 改ざん. Beginners should generally use 改ざん instead.
Definitions
- noun, suru verb, transitive verbalteration; falsification; faking
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 改ざんする（かいざんする） |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 改ざんします（かいざんします） |
| Negative (nai) | 改ざんしない（かいざんしない） |
| polite (masen) | 改ざんしません（かいざんしません） |
| classical zu / nu | 改ざんせず・改ざんせぬ（かいざんせず・かいざんせぬ） |
| Past (ta) | 改ざんした（かいざんした） |
| polite (mashita) | 改ざんしました（かいざんしました） |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 改ざんしなかった（かいざんしなかった） |
| polite (masen deshita) | 改ざんしませんでした（かいざんしませんでした） |
| Te form | 改ざんして（かいざんして） |
| Potential | 改ざんできる（かいざんできる） |
| Passive | 改ざんされる（かいざんされる） |
| Causative | 改ざんさせる（かいざんさせる） |
| Causative passive | 改ざんさせられる（かいざんさせられる） |
| Conditional (ba) | 改ざんすれば（かいざんすれば） |
| tara | 改ざんしたら（かいざんしたら） |
| Volitional | 改ざんしよう（かいざんしよう） |
| polite (mashou) | 改ざんしましょう（かいざんしましょう） |
| Imperative | 改ざんしろ（かいざんしろ） |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
Synonyms & antonyms
- Related曲げるまげるNeutralLiterally to bend, figuratively to bend the truth or compromise one's principles (「事実を曲げる」); 「改ざん」 specifically means deliberately rewriting documents or data.
- Related偽造ぎぞうNeutralCounterfeiting: making fake IDs, currency and the like (「偽造パスポート」); 「改ざん」 alters genuine documents or data that already exist.
- Related偽るいつわるNeutralVerb: to lie or pass oneself off as something else, also to misstate one's age or hide one's identity (「年齢を偽る」); 「改ざん」 is changing the text itself.
- RelatedごまかすCasualColloquial verb: to deceive or gloss things over, also to cook the books (「帳簿をごまかす」); 「改ざん」 is more formal and specifically rewriting documents.
- Related曲筆きょくひつWrittenWritten/formal prose: writing that deliberately distorts the facts, mainly of histories and reports, and rare. 「改ざん」 alters existing documents or data.
- Related歪曲わいきょくWrittenWritten/formal prose: deliberately distorting facts or statements (「報道の歪曲」), with the focus on the message getting distorted; 「改ざん」 alters the text itself.
- Relatedねじ曲げるねじまげるCasualColloquial verb: to twist something bent, figuratively to force a distorted reading of facts or of someone's words; 「改ざん」 is rewriting documents or data.
- Related歪めるゆがめるNeutralVerb: to deform or warp, figuratively to distort the truth or corrupt someone's character; 「改ざん」 specifically means altering documents or records.
- Relatedでっち上げるでっちあげるCasualColloquial verb: to invent something out of nothing (「事件をでっち上げる」); 「改ざん」 is altering something that already exists.
- Relatedひん曲げるひんまげるCasualSlangy verb: to wrench or twist something with great force, figuratively to distort the facts by force; coarser than 「改ざん」 and not specific to documents.
Use 「改ざん」 for deliberately rewriting documents or data (「データ改ざん」). For faking IDs or currency, say 「偽造」; for inventing something out of nothing, 「でっち上げる」; for distorting the facts, 「歪曲」.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Japanese definitions
Kanji in this word
English equivalents
