にもかかわらず

1. 1Introduces a fact despite which the outcome in the main clause occurs.Ex. 1
2. 2Refers back to an earlier statement to mean “nevertheless.”

This is a formal expression common in writing, news reports, and formal speech. It presents an unexpected outcome relatively objectively, without necessarily conveying the disappointment of のに or the criticism of くせに.

• のにN4「のに」 also expresses contrast, but usually carries emotions like dissatisfaction or surprise; it is stylistically neutral, common in speech, and can also end a sentence to express regret. Its second clause cannot be a command, request, or expression of volition. Nouns and な-adjectives take 「なのに」.
• もののN2「ものの」 emphasizes regretful resignation — 'did it, but it didn't turn out as hoped' — with weaker nuance of surprise or blame. Nouns must use 「である＋ものの」 and cannot attach directly; the second clause generally does not take volition, commands, requests, or invitations.
• とはいえN1「とはいえ」 means 'although/that said': it concedes the first clause and then adds a qualification, with the second clause usually a judgment or reminder. 「にもかかわらず」 focuses on the result being contrary to expectation. A な-adjective stem can attach directly to 「とはいえ」, whereas this pattern requires 「である」.
• といえどもN1「といえども」 is concessive: the first clause is usually a status, an extreme condition, or a minimal amount, and it can pair with 「たとえ」 for hypothetical use. Its second clause is typically a judgment such as prohibition or obligation, and generally not plain objective description; 「にもかかわらず」 requires the first clause to be an established fact.
• くせにN3「くせに」 carries strong blame or contempt, is mostly used in speech, usually requires the same subject in both clauses, and can also end a sentence to express complaint. 「にもかかわらず」 is objective, formal, and written-style with no subject restriction. Neutral statements cannot be replaced with 「くせに」.
• 〜つつもN3「〜つつも」 attaches only to the ます-form of verbs, and its first clause is often a psychological verb like 「知る」 or 「思う」; it typically expresses self-reproach or resignation — 'knowing full well... yet still...'. 「にもかかわらず」 can also attach to nouns and adjectives, with a more objective tone.

のに can convey personal disappointment, while くせに is critical; ものの and とはいえ concede a point before qualifying it, and といえども is more emphatic and literary. Unlike にもかかわらず, 〜つつも attaches to a verb stem and often presents conflicting actions or states.