ふうに
- 1In this/that way; like this/that, with こんな/そんな/あんな describing the manner of an action.Ex. 1
- 2In what way; how, with どんな asking about the manner or method of doing something.Ex. 2
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Very common in everyday conversation for describing or asking about how something is done, and it also appears in neutral writing. It focuses on the manner or method of an action rather than on comparison with something else. Compared with ように, it is more colloquial and centres on 'the way'.
Note that ふうに expresses manner only and cannot replace the purpose or goal sense of ように (e.g. 聞こえるように).
Note that a noun directly followed by 風 (e.g. 和風) is a 'style' suffix; with ふうに, nouns normally take の or という.
Learners should use ふうな, not ふうに, directly before a noun (e.g. こんなふうな話).
- ように/ようなN3ように/ような mainly expresses similarity in nature (simile), giving examples, or indicating content; ふうに focuses on concrete manner and appearance. When explaining how to do something, こんなふうに can be replaced with このように, but ふうに is generally not used for similes of nature.
- みたいに/みたいなN4みたいに/みたいな centers on simile and example, is colloquial, and attaches directly after nouns; ふうに centers on concrete manner and appearance, often pairs with こんな or どんな, and takes の after nouns. When comparing the way an action is done, the two are similar.
- とおりN3とおり emphasizes complete agreement with an explanation, instruction, or expectation, and can also mean 'just as expected'; ふうに only describes manner or appearance without stressing agreement. To ask how to do something, say どんなふうに — とおり has no such usage.
- とおりにN3とおりに emphasizes matching a plan, instruction, or what was said or seen — i.e., 'doing it exactly as is' — and can also mean 'just as...'; ふうに only describes manner or appearance, and どんなふうに can be used to ask about the way.
- まるでN3まるで is an adverb placed before to emphasize 'just like', often paired with ようだ or みたいだ, and can also mean 'completely'; ふうに attaches after こんな, verbs, etc. to express manner or appearance. The two cannot be interchanged.
ふうに describes the way or method of an action, whereas ように/ような and みたいに/みたいな mainly liken something to something else, and まるで intensifies such a likeness ('just like'). とおり/とおりに means 'exactly as' something said, planned or instructed, stressing conformity rather than general manner.
