にて
- 1Marks the place where an event occurs or a point in time, such as an endpoint.Ex. 1
- 2Marks the means or channel through which something is done.Ex. 2
- 3Marks the reason for an action or situation.
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にて is common in formal notices, announcements, business writing, and ceremonial speech. Compared with で, it sounds more official; the examples use it for an event venue and a website used as an information channel.
Learners should generally use で rather than にて in casual conversation.
Note that にて cannot replace the connective で after a noun or な-adjective.
Do not use にて to mark where someone or something simply exists; use に.
- て / でN5「て / で」attach to verbs, adjectives, and nouns to connect clauses and can express a reason (e.g., 「風邪で休んだ」), with a neutral tone. 「にて」attaches to nouns and marks place, means, or a formal closing like 「これにて」; the two differ in meaning and are generally not interchangeable.
- において / におけるN3「において」also marks place or occasion, and in that use it can often be swapped with 「にて」; however, it can also mark time and abstract fields, it does not express means, and it has no 「これにて」-style closing use. To modify a noun, use 「における」.
- をもって /をもちましてN1「をもって」does not mark place, but it can attach to words like 「本日」to set a time boundary and announce an end or a beginning; for means it is close to 「にて」and can also attach to words like 「協力」. Its tone is more solemn and stiff than 「にて」, and 「をもちまして」is stiffer still.
- につきN2「につき」is another formal expression common in public notices; for reason it is close to 「にて」, so both 「改装中につき休業」and 「改装中にて休業」are acceptable. However, 「につき」also covers the unit sense 'per' (「一人につき」) and the sense 'concerning,' and it does not mark place or means.
- からN5「にて」states where an action takes place or by what means, in a formal register; 「から」marks a starting point or a cause in a neutral register and can also attach to whole sentences. They cannot be swapped: 「これにて」means 'with this, we close,' while 「これから」means 'from now on.'
Unlike connective て, にて is a particle and is a formal alternative to particle で; において likewise marks a formal setting, while における modifies a noun. をもって can also mark a cutoff, につき can also give a reason, and から marks a starting point rather than the venue or channel shown here.
