Doctor visits and buying meds

The first four lines are spoken at the hospital, and the last two at the drugstore or in an emergency.

1. 頭あたまが痛いたいんです。

   My head hurts.

   Use 「〜んです」 when describing your own symptoms; just saying 「頭が痛いです」 sounds like you're stating a fact, not asking for help.

2. 昨日きのうから気分きぶんが悪わるいです。

   I've been feeling sick since yesterday.

3. 熱ねつが三十八度さんじゅうはちどあります。

   I have a fever of 38 degrees.

4. 薬くすりは一日いちにちに何回なんかい飲のめばいいですか。

   How many times a day should I take the medicine?

5. 風邪薬かぜぐすりはどこにありますか。

   Where's the cold medicine?

6. 救急車きゅうきゅうしゃを呼よんでください。

   Please call an ambulance.

   Japan's emergency number is 119 (fire and ambulance share the same number); be sure to memorize this sentence by heart.

The doctor asks about your symptoms, takes your temperature, prescribes medicine, and explains the precautions.

1. doctor

   どうしましたか。

   What seems to be the problem?
2. Patient

   三日前みっかまえから喉のどが痛いたいんです。

   My throat's been sore for the past three days.
3. doctor

   熱ねつはありますか。

   Do you have a fever?
4. Patient

   はい、三十七度五分さんじゅうななどごぶあります。

   Yes, it's 37.5 degrees.

   For body temperature, the decimal point is read as 「分（ぶ）」, not 「点（てん）」: 37.5 degrees = さんじゅうななどごぶ.
5. doctor

   風邪かぜですね。薬くすりを出だしておきます。

   It's a cold. I'll go ahead and prescribe you some medicine.

   〜ておきます = doing something in advance, having it ready. Often used when doctors or shop staff tell you what they have arranged.
6. Patient

   お風呂ふろに入はいってもいいですか。

   Can I take a bath?
7. doctor

   今日きょうはやめたほうがいいですよ。

   You'd better skip it today.

   「〜たほうがいい」 is a set phrase for giving advice; the negative form is 「〜ないほうがいい」.