文明|ぶんめいbunmei[0]heiban (flat)

1. nouncivilization; civilisation; culture
   １９世紀せいきは白人はくじん文明ぶんめいの時代じだいだった。↗

   The nineteenth century was the age of the white man's civilization.
2. nounBunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)

• Synonym文化ぶんかNeutralFocuses on the spiritual side of life — customs, arts, and scholarship — while 「文明」 stresses material and technological development.
• Synonym人文じんぶんWrittenA written term for human culture, seen mostly in 「人文科学」; 「文明」 refers to the advanced stage of social development.
• SynonymシビライゼーションWrittenA loanword that is rare in everyday use, seen mostly in proper names or when a foreign term is used deliberately; in ordinary contexts say 「文明」.
• RelatedカルチャーNeutralA loanword used mainly for pop culture and hobby or self-improvement classes, as in 「カルチャースクール」; 「文明」 covers development in technology and institutions.
• Related文教ぶんきょうWrittenA written term covering culture and education and their administration, as in 「文教政策」; 「文明」 is a form of social development.
• Antonym野蛮やばんNeutralStands at the opposite end from 「文明」 in degree of civilization: uncivilized, savage, or crude.
• Antonym原始げんしNeutralOpposite to 「文明」 in developmental stage: primitive, referring to the earliest, untouched state of things.

Use 「文明」 for a society developed in technology and institutions; for customs, arts, and learning use 「文化」, and for pop culture or hobby classes 「カルチャー」. The antonyms are 「野蛮」 and 「原始」.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

1. 都市としを基盤きばんにして、多様たような職業しょくぎょうに分化ぶんかされ、技術面ぎじゅつめんが高度こうどに発達はったつした社会しゃかいの形態けいたい。
2. 日本にっぽんの元号げんごうの一ひとつ。応仁おうにんの後あと、長享ちょうきょうの前まえ。1469年ねん6月がつ8日か(ユリウス暦れき)から1487年ねん8月がつ9日か(ユリウス暦れき)までの期間きかんのこと。