積み重なる・積重なる|つみかさなるtsumikasanaru[5]nakadaka (mid-high)
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Which spelling to use
積み重なる積み重なる is the more common written form and the recommended choice for learners, including when you are unsure which form to write.
積重なる積重なる is a less common written variant of 積み重なる. You may encounter it, but learners should generally choose 積み重なる instead.
Definitions
- godan verb, intransitive verbto pile up; to stack up; to accumulate
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 積み重なる（つみかさなる） |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 積み重なります（つみかさなります） |
| Negative (nai) | 積み重ならない（つみかさならない） |
| polite (masen) | 積み重なりません（つみかさなりません） |
| classical zu / nu | 積み重ならず・積み重ならぬ（つみかさならず・つみかさならぬ） |
| Past (ta) | 積み重なった（つみかさなった） |
| polite (mashita) | 積み重なりました（つみかさなりました） |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 積み重ならなかった（つみかさならなかった） |
| polite (masen deshita) | 積み重なりませんでした（つみかさなりませんでした） |
| Te form | 積み重なって（つみかさなって） |
| Potential | 積み重なれる（つみかさなれる） |
| Passive | 積み重なられる（つみかさなられる） |
| Causative | 積み重ならせる（つみかさならせる） |
| Causative passive | 積み重ならせられる・積み重ならされる（つみかさならせられる・つみかさならされる） |
| Conditional (ba) | 積み重なれば（つみかさなれば） |
| tara | 積み重なったら（つみかさなったら） |
| Volitional | 積み重なろう（つみかさなろう） |
| polite (mashou) | 積み重なりましょう（つみかさなりましょう） |
| Imperative | 積み重なれ（つみかさなれ） |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
Transitive / intransitive pair
本が積み重なる
本を積み重ねる
積み重なる describes things piling up or accumulating on their own, while 積み重ねる describes someone deliberately stacking or accumulating them.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Synonyms & antonyms
- Synonym積もるつもるNeutralUsed for snow or dust settling naturally, and for worries building up; 「積み重なる」 stresses layering up one on another.
- Synonym山積さんせきWrittenWritten/formal prose; typically for problems or tasks piling up, as in 「課題が山積」; mostly seen as a noun, though 「山積する」 also works as a verb.
- Synonym山積みやまづみNeutralColloquial; things heaped up into a mountain, as in 「書類が山積み」; stresses sheer quantity.
- Synonym堆積たいせきWrittenWritten/formal prose; layering or sedimentation, for silt and garbage alike, as in 「ごみが堆積する」; 「積み重なる」 is more everyday.
- SynonymたまるNeutralCollecting or building up in reserve, as in 「ストレスが溜まる」; stresses the growing stock, not layering.
- Related集積しゅうせきWrittenWritten/formal prose; gathering and piling up, as in 「産業集積」; leans economic and technical.
- Related蓄積ちくせきWrittenWritten/formal prose; storing up or accumulating, as in 「疲労の蓄積」; stresses building reserves.
- Related集まるあつまるNeutralGathering or assembling in one place; does not stress layer upon layer.
- Related積もり積もるつもりつもるNeutralPiling up more and more; often for resentment or words, as in 「積もり積もった思い」.
- Antonym減るへるNeutralAntonym: to decrease in number or amount — the opposite of piling up and accumulating.
- Antonym少なくなるすくなくなるNeutralAntonym: to become fewer or less — the opposite of increasing.
Use 「積み重なる」 for things stacking up layer by layer, or for experience and fatigue gradually building, as in 「疲れが積み重なる」. For snow settling, use 「積もる」; for stress building up, 「溜まる」. In formal prose, problems piling up are 「山積」; documents heaped high are 「山積み」. When amounts go down, use 「減る」.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Japanese definitions
Kanji in this word
