積む|つむtsumu[0]heiban (flat)
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- godan verb, transitive verbto pile up; to stack
- godan verb, transitive verbto load (car, ship, etc.); to pack
- godan verb, transitive verbto acquire; to accumulate
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 積む（つむ） |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 積みます（つみます） |
| Negative (nai) | 積まない（つまない） |
| polite (masen) | 積みません（つみません） |
| classical zu / nu | 積まず・積まぬ（つまず・つまぬ） |
| Past (ta) | 積んだ（つんだ） |
| polite (mashita) | 積みました（つみました） |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 積まなかった（つまなかった） |
| polite (masen deshita) | 積みませんでした（つみませんでした） |
| Te form | 積んで（つんで） |
| Potential | 積める（つめる） |
| Passive | 積まれる（つまれる） |
| Causative | 積ませる（つませる） |
| Causative passive | 積ませられる・積まされる（つませられる・つまされる） |
| Conditional (ba) | 積めば（つめば） |
| tara | 積んだら（つんだら） |
| Volitional | 積もう（つもう） |
| polite (mashou) | 積みましょう（つみましょう） |
| Imperative | 積め（つめ） |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
- Synonym積み上げるつみあげるNeutralPiles things up high, stressing the height reached; 「積む」 is broader and also covers loading.
- Synonym積み重ねるつみかさねるNeutralStacks things layer upon layer, and figuratively means building up effort over time; 「積む」 focuses on piling or loading.
- Synonym重ねるかさねるNeutralPuts one thing on another or repeats actions, stressing layering; 「積む」 is about heaping up or loading.
- Synonym積み込むつみこむNeutralLoading cargo into a vehicle or ship, stressing getting it inside; 「積む」 is broader, also meaning piling up or accumulating experience.
- Synonym蓄えるたくわえるNeutralStoring or saving things up, also growing a beard; 「積む」 is about piling up, loading, or accumulating experience.
- Synonym乗せるのせるNeutralPutting something on top or giving people a ride, as in 「車に乗せる」; 「積む」 mostly means piling up or loading goods.
- Related貯蓄ちょちくWrittenFormal word for saving money, also for the money saved; 「積む」 is about piling things up or accumulating experience.
- Related搭載とうさいWrittenLoading supplies, or equipping a device with functions; 「積む」 can mean loading cargo but is not used for building functions into a device.
- Related積載せきさいWrittenTechnical term for vehicles loading and carrying cargo, as in 「積載量」; in everyday speech say 「積む」.
- Related積み立てるつみたてるNeutralMeans saving up money, or stacking things high; 「積む」 is broader, also covering loading and accumulating experience.
- Related貯金ちょきんNeutralEveryday word for saving money or the money saved; 「積む」 is not limited to money and also means piling up and loading.
- Related備蓄びちくWrittenFormal word for stockpiling funds, food, etc. in case of emergency; 「積む」 is about piling up and does not stress emergency preparedness.
- Related山積みやまづみNeutralPiled up like a mountain, also used for problems piling up; stresses sheer quantity, while 「積む」 need not imply a huge amount.
- Related溜め込むためこむNeutralGathers things and keeps them stored away, stressing hoarding; 「積む」 does not imply keeping them unused.
- Related乗っけるのっけるCasualA casual way to say 「乗せる」: putting something on top or giving people a ride; 「積む」 is about loading goods.
- Related貯めるためるNeutralSaving money or building up strength, stressing keeping it for later use; 「積む」 is about heaping up or accumulating experience.
- Antonym下ろすおろすNeutralAntonym: unloading or taking down, the opposite of loading with 「積む」; also moving something from a high place to a low one.
- Antonym崩すくずすNeutralAntonym: knocking down or demolishing, the opposite of piling up with 「積む」; stresses destroying the shape something was piled into.
Use 「積む」 for piling things up, loading goods, or accumulating experience. Say 「積み上げる」 for stacking high, 「積み重ねる」 for building up steadily over time, and 「重ねる」 for layering or repeating. For money, use 「貯める」 or 「貯金」; 「貯蓄」 and 「備蓄」 are formal written words, and 「溜め込む」 stresses hoarding. For carrying people, say 「乗せる」 (casually 「乗っける」); for loading cargo into vehicles, 「積み込む」, with the formal terms 「積載」 and 「搭載」. 「山積み」 means piled up in huge amounts. Antonyms: 「下ろす」 to unload, 「崩す」 to knock down.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
