〜に鑑みて|〜にかんがみて
In light of; in view of. It introduces a circumstance or past event taken into careful account when making a decision or taking action.
Plain-form sentenceA sentence ending in a plain form, i.e. not ending in です／ます.
雨が降る・昨日は寒かった・ここは静かだ
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This is a formal expression used mainly in writing, including official statements, news reports, and administrative or business documents. It often introduces a serious situation or past event behind a decision or measure; compared with に基づいて, it emphasizes weighing circumstances rather than relying on a stated foundation.
Note that it sounds overly formal in casual conversation or when discussing trivial personal matters.
Note that the following clause typically describes a considered decision or measure rather than a spontaneous emotion.
Note that を鑑みて occurs in contemporary usage, but に鑑みて is preferred in careful writing.
- 1.を踏まえてN1「を踏まえて」takes facts or trends as a premise for planning. When setting countermeasures based on the current situation or lessons learned, it is interchangeable with 「に鑑みて」; when it means building further on existing content or achievements, it is not. Note that it takes the particle 「を」.
- 2.に基づいてN2「に基づいて」uses data, rules, or facts as the basis, with the following action carried out strictly in accordance with them, while 「に鑑みて」 refers to weighing countermeasures against precedent or circumstances. For example, 「規則に基づいて処理する」 should not be replaced with 「に鑑みて」.
- 3.に照らしてN1「に照らして」measures something against a standard such as law, rules, common sense, or experience, and is typically followed by a judgment, evaluation, or punishment; 「に鑑みて」 means deciding on a countermeasure after considering precedent or the current situation. The two are generally not interchangeable.
- 4.に即してN1「に即して」means acting in line with the actual situation or in accordance with laws and regulations, emphasizing that the approach matches the object; 「に鑑みて」 treats precedent or circumstances as grounds for deciding a countermeasure. Both are written-style expressions, but with different emphases, so they are generally not interchangeable.
- 5.に則ってN1「に則って」attaches to established standards such as laws, rules, or conventions and means acting by the book without deviating from them; 「に鑑みて」 usually attaches to situations such as accidents or current conditions and means weighing countermeasures with reference to them. Both are formal, but their meanings differ, so they cannot be interchanged.
を踏まえて treats information or discussions as a premise, while に基づいて relies on a foundation such as data or rules; に鑑みて emphasizes considering circumstances before acting. に照らして evaluates against a standard, に即して aligns with actual circumstances, and に則って follows rules or customs.
