つもりで
- 1With the intention of doing something; an action done as a step toward a planned goal.Ex. 1
- 2In the belief or spirit that something is so; meaning something as, or acting as if (e.g. 死んだつもりで).Ex. 2
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Neutral in register and common in speech and writing. It connects the subject's intention or self-perception to a following action, and often appears with のに or が when the result or other people's reaction goes against that intention. Unlike sentence-final つもりだ, it sets up a following clause rather than stating a plan by itself.
Learners often drop の after nouns; say 冗談のつもりで, not 冗談つもりで.
Note that つもりで reflects the subject's own view, so the actual result or others' interpretation may be quite different.
Note that with result verbs like 受かる, つもりで stresses one's resolve (試験に受かるつもりで勉強する), while ように simply states the aim.
- つもりN5Both share the same meaning of an intention or subjective assumption and differ only in position: 「つもり」 usually ends the sentence as 「つもりだ」, 「つもりだった」, or 「つもりはない」 to state an intention or belief directly, while 「つもりで」 does not end the sentence and must be followed by an action done in that frame of mind.
- ふりをするN3「ふりをする」 means deliberately putting on an act so others will believe it, whereas 「つもりで」 is about your own intention or assumption, not a show for others. 「死んだつもりで」 means going all out and 「死んだふり」 means playing dead, so they are not interchangeable.
- としてN3「として」 attaches only to nouns and marks identity, qualification, standpoint, or nominal purpose, while 「つもりで」 can follow verbs, adjectives, and 「名詞の」 and stresses subjective intention or assumption. That is why 「冗談のつもりで」 often implies a gap between intention and reality.
- ように/ようなN3「ように/ような」 express comparison, examples, or the content being referred to, while 「つもりで」 is about your own intention or subjective assumption. 「冗談のつもりで」 means you meant something as a joke, whereas 「冗談のように」 means like a joke, and the two are not interchangeable.
- なりに / なりのN1「なりに」 means doing something in a way befitting one's status or ability, as in 「子供なりに」, while 「つもりで」 means acting with an intention or subjectively treating something as so. Nouns attach directly to 「なりに」 but need 「の」 before 「つもりで」, and the two are not interchangeable.
Unlike つもり, which usually ends a sentence as つもりだ, つもりで links an inner intention or belief to a following action, whereas ふりをする is an outward pretense shown to others and として states an actual role or capacity. ように marks a purpose, often with non-volitional or potential verbs, without つもりで's focus on the subject's own resolve, and なりに means doing something in one's own way, within one's limits.
