How to say "besides" in Japanese
Choosing the right word
- particle, conjunctionCovers the additive 'and besides, what's more' sense: it adds one more reason or point to what has just been said. Typical when you are listing reasons for a judgment or choice.トムも来なかったしジェーンも来なかった。↗Tom didn't come, nor did Jane.
- conjunction, adverbCovers the additive 'and, moreover, as well as' sense: it joins two parallel points or qualities, asserting both at once. Usually written in kana; typical in written statements that affirm two things together.
- adverbAdditive, with the 'on top of that' feel of its gloss: adds a further point beyond what was already stated. Typical when you want to stress that something applies even more than first said.
- no-adjective, adverbReally means 'side; edge; beside' — a word of physical location. Its 'besides' reading is marginal: doing one thing alongside another, 'on the side'. Seldom the word you want for the additive 'besides'.
- 以外いがいnoun (suffix)This is the 'besides' that means 'other than, apart from': it marks what is excluded from the statement. Use it where 'besides' could be replaced by 'except', not for adding a further point.
For the additive 'what's more' sense of 'besides' choose 「し」, 「かつ」 or 「なおかつ」; for the 'other than, apart from' sense use 以外; 「かたわら」 is really 'beside' and only marginally 'besides'.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Japanese equivalents
See also
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