降伏・降服|こうふくkoufuku[0]heiban (flat)

JLPT N1approx.Common
Which spelling to use
降伏降伏 is the most common written form for “surrender,” “capitulation,” “submission,” or “yield,” and is written entirely in kanji.
降服降服 is a rarely used kanji-only alternative to 降伏; you may encounter it, but it is not the usual choice for learners.
Definitions
  1. noun, suru verb, intransitive verbsurrender; capitulation; submission
    降伏こうふくするくらいなら死しんだほうが増ましだ。↗
    I would rather die than yield.
  2. noun, engineeringyield
Conjugation
Dictionary form降伏する(こうふくする)
Polite (masu)降伏します(こうふくします)
Negative (nai)降伏しない(こうふくしない)
polite (masen)降伏しません(こうふくしません)
classical zu / nu降伏せず・降伏せぬ(こうふくせず・こうふくせぬ)
Past (ta)降伏した(こうふくした)
polite (mashita)降伏しました(こうふくしました)
Past negative (nakatta)降伏しなかった(こうふくしなかった)
polite (masen deshita)降伏しませんでした(こうふくしませんでした)
Te form降伏して(こうふくして)
Potential降伏できる(こうふくできる)
Passive降伏される(こうふくされる)
Causative降伏させる(こうふくさせる)
Causative passive降伏させられる(こうふくさせられる)
Conditional (ba)降伏すれば(こうふくすれば)
tara降伏したら(こうふくしたら)
Volitional降伏しよう(こうふくしよう)
polite (mashou)降伏しましょう(こうふくしましょう)
Imperative降伏しろ(こうふくしろ)

Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.

Synonyms & antonyms
  • Synonym投降とうこうNeutralLaying down one's arms and giving oneself up, e.g. 「敵に投降する」. Stresses giving oneself up to the enemy; 「降伏」 is more often used of conceding defeat in a war overall.
  • Synonym降参こうさんNeutralAdmitting defeat or giving in, e.g. 「参った、降参だ」. Common in speech, for everyday situations and games.
  • SynonymギブアップCasualColloquial loanword for giving up or quitting, e.g. 「ギブアップする」. Used often in sports.
  • Synonym屈服くっぷくWrittenWritten word for yielding, e.g. 「権力に屈服する」. Stresses being forced to give in under pressure, and is used mostly in abstract contexts.
  • Related伏するふくするWrittenWritten word for yielding or prostrating oneself, e.g. 「威に伏する」. Rare.
  • Antonym抵抗ていこうNeutralAntonym: resisting or fighting back, e.g. 「最後まで抵抗する」. The direct opposite of surrendering.
  • Antonym反抗はんこうNeutralAntonym: defying or disobeying authority, e.g. 「親に反抗する」. The opposite of submitting or surrendering.

Use 「降伏」 for a side conceding defeat in war or conflict, as in 「無条件降伏」 or 「降伏を勧告する」. For everyday giving-in say 「降参」 (or casual 「ギブアップ」 in sports); a soldier laying down arms is 「投降」; yielding to power under pressure is 「屈服」. The opposites are 「抵抗」 and 「反抗」.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

Japanese definitions
  1. 戦争せんそうなどで、負まけを認みとめ敵てきに服従ふくじゅうすること。
  2. 物体ぶったいを一定いってい以上いじょう変形へんけいさせると、元もとの形状けいじょうに戻もどらなくなる現象げんしょう。
Kanji in this word
English equivalents
See also

JLPT vocabulary levels are community estimates, not official (no official lists have been published since the 2010 revision).

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