に / へ

JLPT N5approx.Neutral
Meaning
  1. 1に marks the destination or arrival point of movement, as with verbs like 行く, 来る, 帰る and 通う.Ex. 1
  2. 2へ marks the direction toward a place someone is heading.Ex. 2
Formation
Noun (place)+に+movement verb
Noun (place)+へ+movement verbe.g. 会社に通う, 東京へ行く
Pronunciationthe particle へ is read え
Examples
Every morning I commute to the office by train.
Next year I want to go on a trip to Tokyo with my family.
Usage

Neutral and used in both speech and writing to say where someone goes, comes, returns or commutes. With movement verbs に and へ are usually interchangeable. に tends to highlight the point of arrival, while へ tends to highlight the direction of travel.

Watch out

Note that the particle へ is pronounced え, not へ, when it marks direction.

Learners sometimes mark the destination with を or で; use に or へ to show where someone goes.

Do not replace the purpose-marking に in 旅行に行く with へ; only the destination can take へ.

Easily confused with
  • 〜に行きますN5In 「〜に行きます」, the 「に」follows a verb's masu-stem (the ます-form with ます dropped) or an action noun and expresses the purpose — what you go to do — while 「に / へ」follows a place noun and expresses where you go. The two can combine in one sentence, as in 「図書館に本を借りに行きます」.
  • までN5For the endpoint of movement, 「まで」is close to 「に / へ」: 「東京まで行く」stresses going all the way to Tokyo and is often paired with 「から」, whereas 「に / へ」marks the destination or direction. 「まで」can also mark an endpoint in time and mean 'even ...'.
  • をN5Both attach to movement verbs, but 「を」marks the route passed through (「道を行く」) or the place one leaves (「家を出る」), while 「に / へ」marks the destination or direction (「東京に行く」); the two cannot be interchanged.
  • からN5「から」attaches to nouns to mark a starting point in time or place, while 「に / へ」marks the destination or direction of movement — one is the departure point, the other the destination, so they cannot be interchanged. 「から」can also attach to a clause to express a reason, a use 「に / へ」does not have.
  • 〜で来ますN5In 「〜で来ます」, the 「で」follows a means of transport and expresses how you come (the means), while 「に / へ」follows a place and expresses where you go; they cannot be interchanged but can share a sentence, as in 「学校へバスで来ます」. 「車に来ました」is incorrect.

に / へ mark where movement goes, whereas から marks the starting point, まで the endpoint or limit, を the path moved through, and で in 〜で来ます the means of transport. In 〜に行きます, に marks the destination after a place noun (学校に行きます) but the purpose after a noun like 旅行 (旅行に行きます), and only the destination use can be replaced by へ.

Grammar · JLPT grammar levels are community estimates, not official (no official lists have been published since the 2010 revision).

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