凌ぐ|しのぐshinogu[2]nakadaka (mid-high)

1. godan verb, transitive verbto endure; to keep out (e.g. rain); to stave off (e.g. starvation)
   この金かねで何なんとか１ヶ月かげつはしのげる。↗

   The money will carry us for about a month.
2. godan verb, transitive verbto pull through; to get over; to survive
3. godan verb, transitive verbto surpass; to outdo; to excel; to eclipse; to defy; to slight
   この新車しんしゃは他車たしゃをしのぐだろう。↗

   This new car will put other cars to shame.

• Synonym乗り切るのりきるNeutralFor getting through a crisis or difficulty as a whole, as in 「危機を乗り切る」; 「凌ぐ」 stresses barely holding something off or enduring it, and can also mean surpassing.
• Synonym生き延びるいきのびるNeutralFor staying alive and keeping one's life going, as in 「戦争を生き延びる」; the focus is squarely on survival.
• Synonym耐えるたえるNeutralBearing or putting up with pain and hardship; it has no sense of surpassing anyone, which 「凌ぐ」 can carry.
• Synonym生き残るいきのこるNeutralSurviving when others do not, as in 「事故で生き残る」; the focus is on coming through a disaster alive.
• Synonym超越ちょうえつWrittenA formal, written-style noun for going far beyond the ordinary, as in 「想像を超越する」; also a term in philosophy. It never refers to enduring hardship.
• Synonym勝るまさるNeutralBeing better or superior in a comparison, as in 「実力で勝る」; it weighs merit against a rival, while 「凌ぐ」 can also mean enduring.
• Synonym生き抜くいきぬくNeutralLiving through hardship to the very end; it stresses tenacious survival and carries a gritty, determined feel.
• Synonymくぐり抜けるくぐりぬけるNeutralSqueezing through a narrow spot or narrowly getting past danger and hardship, as in 「修羅場をくぐり抜ける」; 「凌ぐ」 holds trouble off rather than slipping past it.
• SynonymこらえるNeutralNot a separate word: 「堪える」 is simply another spelling of 「耐える」, listed earlier, meaning to bear or endure.
• Related上回るうわまわるNeutralFor going over a figure or expectation, as in 「予想を上回る」; the focus is on amounts and numbers, and it has no sense of enduring hardship.
• Related乗り越えるのりこえるNeutralGetting over an obstacle or overcoming difficulty, as in 「壁を乗り越える」; the image is climbing over, while 「凌ぐ」 stresses holding out or surpassing.
• Related踏ん張るふんばるNeutralPlanting your feet and gritting it out, as in 「土俵際で踏ん張る」; physical, effortful holding on, not surpassing.
• Related凌駕りょうがWrittenA formal, written-style noun for surpassing or outdoing, as in 「他を凌駕する」; much more literary than 「凌ぐ」.

Use 「凌ぐ」 for barely warding something off or enduring it, or for surpassing a rival: 「雨露を凌ぐ」「暑さを凌ぐ」「前作を凌ぐ」. For getting through a crisis, use 「乗り切る」; for overcoming, 「乗り越える」; for surviving, 「生き残る」; for exceeding a figure, 「上回る」; for formal surpassing, 「凌駕」.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

1. 押し分おしわけて進すすむ。搔き分かきわけて通とおる。
2. 撓たわませる。押さえ付おさえつける。
3. 侮あなどる。蔑ないがしろにする。
4. 耐え忍たえしのぶ。難局なんきょくを切り抜きりぬける。
5. 勝まさる。上回うわまわる。