罪|つみtsumi[1]atamadaka (head-high)

1. na-adjective, no-adjectivecrime; sin; wrongdoing; indiscretion
   ビルはその罪つみを犯おかしていなかった。↗

   Bill did not commit the crime.
2. nounpenalty; sentence; punishment
3. nounfault; responsibility; culpability
4. noun, na-adjectivethoughtlessness; lack of consideration

• Synonym悪事あくじNeutralRefers to bad deeds actually committed, as in 「悪事を働く」; 「罪」 focuses on the illegal or immoral act itself and the guilt it carries.
• Synonym罪悪ざいあくNeutralLeans toward evil in the moral or religious sense, as in 「罪悪感」; 「罪」 can also mean a legal charge or punishment.
• Synonym犯罪はんざいNeutralStrictly crime in the legal sense, as in 「犯罪を防ぐ」; 「罪」 also covers sin in the moral and religious sense.
• Synonym犯行はんこうNeutralA specific criminal act, common in crime reporting, as in 「犯行に及ぶ」; 「罪」 refers to the charge or guilt itself.
• Synonym罪科ざいかWrittenWritten/formal prose, covering both the offense and its punishment; found mainly in religious and legal texts. In everyday speech use 「罪」.
• Synonym罪過ざいかWrittenWritten and rather archaic: a fault that violates law or morality, close in meaning to 「罪」 but rarely used in daily language.
• Synonym悪行あくぎょうNeutralWicked conduct, often used in describing a villain's misdeeds; 「罪」 puts more weight on the guilt or culpability one bears for it.
• Synonym罪業ざいごうWrittenStrongly Buddhist: an evil deed that draws karmic retribution—sin, iniquity. For everyday talk of wrongdoing use 「罪」, which also covers legal charges and punishment.
• Synonym事犯じはんFormalFormal, used in official documents and police language for a case that violates the law, as in 「選挙違反事犯」; not used in daily speech.
• Synonym犯罪行為はんざいこういFormalFormal: emphasizes the act of committing a crime itself, seen in legal texts and news reports; more concrete than 「犯罪」, while 「罪」 carries the sense of guilt.
• Related非行ひこうNeutralMostly delinquent behavior by young people that defies social norms, as in 「非行少年」; 「罪」 is broader and heavier.
• Related誤りあやまりNeutralAn error or mistake—wrong facts, descriptions, calculations, operations; 「罪」 is an illegal or immoral act and its guilt, not a matter of simple right and wrong.
• Related過ちあやまちNeutralA fault or slip, and by euphemism an improper act, as in 「若気の過ち」; 「罪」 is heavier, carrying the sense of guilt.
• Related不始末ふしまつNeutralCareless handling that troubles others, as in 「火の不始末」; the negligence itself is the focus, outcome light or grave. 「罪」 stresses the illegal or immoral act and its guilt.
• Related非ひNeutralA fault, error, or improper act that defies reason, as in 「己の非を認める」; 「罪」 means an illegal or immoral offense and is much heavier.
• Related不法行為ふほうこういFormalFormal legal term for a tort—an act infringing another's rights that obliges compensation, a civil-law matter; 「罪」 usually means a criminal or moral offense.
• Related不埒ふらちWrittenWritten/formal prose; a na-adjective condemning outrageous, lawless behavior. 「罪」 is a noun for the offense itself.
• RelatedとがWrittenWritten and archaic: a fault deserving blame or punishment, as in 「何の咎もない」. In daily speech use 「罪」 or 「責任」.
• Antonym功績こうせきNeutralAntonym in evaluating conduct: distinguished service or achievements rendered to society or an organization.
• Antonym善行ぜんこうNeutralGood deeds and acts of kindness; as the opposite of 「罪」's moral sense of wrongdoing—conduct that honors rather than violates morality.
• Antonym徳とくNeutralAntonym in character: moral cultivation and virtue; it can also mean profit or benefit.

For wrongdoing that breaks law or morality and the guilt it brings, use 「罪」. For crime strictly in the legal sense use 「犯罪」, and for a specific criminal act 「犯行」. When the nuance is moral or religious evil, choose 「罪悪」. For lighter faults and slips, 「過ち」 or 「誤り」 fits better. The remaining words are specialized: literary terms like 「罪科」「罪過」「咎」, Buddhist 「罪業」, legal and official terms like 「不法行為」「事犯」, and antonyms such as 「功績」「善行」「徳」.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

1. （つみ）法ほうに反はんする行為こうい。
2. （つみ）道徳どうとくに反はんする行為こうい。
3. （つみ）弊害へいがい。
4. （つみ：サ変さへん動詞どうし）刑けいを科かす。