毀損・棄損|きそんkison[0]heiban (flat)

1. noun, suru verb, transitive verbdamage; injury; defamation; harm

• Synonym損壊そんかいWrittenWritten and legal term for buildings or objects being damaged or destroyed, as in 「建造物損壊」; unlike 「毀損」 it is not used for harm to reputation.
• Synonym損傷そんしょうWrittenCovers damage to objects and to body organs, and can even appear as 「名誉を損傷する」; used more widely than 「毀損」.
• Synonym破損はそんWrittenRefers to objects cracking or breaking; common in product manuals and accident reports, but not used for reputation or credit.
• SynonymダメージCasualLoanword covering physical, mental and economic harm; very common in speech and broader in range than 「毀損」.
• Synonym損害そんがいWrittenPoints to the damage or loss caused, with an emphasis on economic loss, as in 「損害賠償」; 「毀損」 stresses the act of damaging itself.
• Synonym損じるそんじるWrittenA written verb for harming or damaging; also a suffix for getting something wrong, as in 「書き損じる」. Less common than 「毀損」.
• Synonym毀傷きしょうWrittenA rare, literary word for destroying or injuring; the object can be a thing or the body. Very close in sense to 「毀損」.
• Related損なうそこなうNeutralA verb for harming health, mood or image; also a suffix meaning 'fail to do'. More everyday than the Sino-Japanese 「毀損」.
• Related傷つけるきずつけるNeutralEveryday verb for wounding or scratching things and for hurting feelings or pride; 「毀損」 is the legal, written choice.
• Related壊すこわすNeutralThe most common everyday verb: break objects or upset your stomach, as in 「お腹を壊す」; plainer than the written 「毀損」.
• Related取り壊しとりこわしWrittenPlanned demolition of a building, as in 「旧校舎の取り壊し」; deliberate, not damage caused by accident.
• Related破壊はかいNeutralDestruction of objects, the environment or even institutions, as in 「環境破壊」; 「毀損」 mainly covers damaged objects or harmed reputation and credit.
• Related打ち壊しうちこわしWrittenSmashing or tearing things down; also the Edo-period rice riots. Mostly a historical term; not used for damage to reputation.
• Relatedぶち壊しぶちこわしCasualColloquial for ruining or wrecking something, often an atmosphere or plan, as in 「雰囲気がぶち壊しだ」; out of place in formal legal writing.
• Related毀つこぼつWrittenAn archaic, literary verb meaning to destroy or damage, equivalent to 「壊す」 and rare today; 「毀損」 still appears in legal documents.
• Related打ち壊すうちこわすWrittenTo smash something with force; also to overthrow old systems or customs. Far more violent in tone than 「毀損」.
• Relatedぶち壊すぶちこわすCasualColloquial: smash things up or ruin a plan or atmosphere; stronger than 「壊す」 and out of place in formal writing.
• Relatedぶっ壊すぶっこわすCasualVulgar colloquial twin of 「ぶち壊す」, charged with strong emotion, as in 「全部ぶっ壊す」.
• Antonym修復しゅうふくWrittenRepairing damaged parts back to their original state — the exact opposite of 「毀損」, which causes the damage.
• Antonym保全ほぜんWrittenProtecting something so it stays intact, as in 「証拠保全」; the opposite of 「毀損」, which damages or destroys.

「毀損」 is the legal, written word for damage, above all to reputation or credit, as in 「名誉毀損」. For broken objects say 「破損」, for buildings 「損壊」, and in everyday speech 「壊す」. 「損傷」 and 「ダメージ」 range wider, 「損害」 stresses financial loss, 「傷つける」 and 「損なう」 are everyday verbs. 「打ち壊す」「ぶち壊す」「ぶっ壊す」 are forceful words for smashing or wrecking, far from the legal tone of 「毀損」; 「取り壊し」 is planned demolition. Opposites: 「修復」 repairs, 「保全」 preserves.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

1. ものを壊こわすこと。
2. 人格じんかくや名誉めいよをそこなうこと。