硬化|こうかkouka[0]heiban (flat)

Common
Definitions
  1. noun, suru verb, intransitive verbhardening; vulcanization; vulcanisation; sclerosis; curing
  2. noun, suru verb, intransitive verbhardening (of attitude, stance, etc.); stiffening; toughening
  3. noun, suru verb, intransitive verb, financeupturn (in the market); firming up
Conjugation
Dictionary form硬化する(こうかする)
Polite (masu)硬化します(こうかします)
Negative (nai)硬化しない(こうかしない)
polite (masen)硬化しません(こうかしません)
classical zu / nu硬化せず・硬化せぬ(こうかせず・こうかせぬ)
Past (ta)硬化した(こうかした)
polite (mashita)硬化しました(こうかしました)
Past negative (nakatta)硬化しなかった(こうかしなかった)
polite (masen deshita)硬化しませんでした(こうかしませんでした)
Te form硬化して(こうかして)
Potential硬化できる(こうかできる)
Passive硬化される(こうかされる)
Causative硬化させる(こうかさせる)
Causative passive硬化させられる(こうかさせられる)
Conditional (ba)硬化すれば(こうかすれば)
tara硬化したら(こうかしたら)
Volitional硬化しよう(こうかしよう)
polite (mashou)硬化しましょう(こうかしましょう)
Imperative硬化しろ(こうかしろ)

Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.

Synonyms & antonyms
  • Synonym固化こかWrittenWritten register. For matter solidifying and hardening; 「硬化」 also covers attitudes turning hard, as in 「態度を硬化させる」.
  • Synonym固まるかたまるNeutralA neutral verb: to solidify, or for opinions and plans to become settled; 「硬化」 is a noun.
  • Synonym凝固ぎょうこWrittenWritten. A liquid turning solid, as in 「血液凝固」; 「硬化」 centers on hardening.
  • Synonym硬結こうけつWrittenWritten and medical: hardening of the skin or tissue, or the hardened area itself; 「硬化」 is the broader term.
  • Related硬直こうちょくWrittenWritten. Stiffness of the body or rigid, inflexible thinking; 「硬化」 leans toward matter hardening or attitudes hardening.
  • Related凝るこるCasualColloquial. Stiff, aching shoulders, or being absorbed in and fussing over something; 「硬化」 is about matter turning hard.
  • RelatedこわばるCasualColloquial. A face or body stiffening, as in 「顔が強張る」; 「硬化」 is mostly about physical substances.
  • Related強直きょうちょくWrittenWritten. Muscle rigidity or an upright, unbending character; 「硬化」 leans toward matter hardening.
  • Related固結こけつWrittenWritten. Consolidating or solidifying firmly together; 「硬化」 is the more common word.
  • Antonym軟化なんかNeutralThe antonym: becoming soft, or an attitude or the market softening — the direct opposite of 「硬化」.

Use 「硬化」 for matter hardening or an attitude turning hard, as in 「動脈硬化」 and 「態度の硬化」. For solidifying, pick 「凝固」 or 「固まる」; for stiff bodies or rigid thinking, 「硬直」; for stiff faces, 「強張る」; 「軟化」 is the opposite.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

Japanese definitions
  1. 硬かたくなること。
  2. 強硬きょうこうな意見いけん・態度たいどになること。
  3. 相場そうばが上あがり気味きみになること。
Kanji in this word
English equivalents

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