硬化|こうかkouka[0]heiban (flat)
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- noun, suru verb, intransitive verbhardening; vulcanization; vulcanisation; sclerosis; curing
- noun, suru verb, intransitive verbhardening (of attitude, stance, etc.); stiffening; toughening
- noun, suru verb, intransitive verb, financeupturn (in the market); firming up
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 硬化する(こうかする) |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 硬化します(こうかします) |
| Negative (nai) | 硬化しない(こうかしない) |
| polite (masen) | 硬化しません(こうかしません) |
| classical zu / nu | 硬化せず・硬化せぬ(こうかせず・こうかせぬ) |
| Past (ta) | 硬化した(こうかした) |
| polite (mashita) | 硬化しました(こうかしました) |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 硬化しなかった(こうかしなかった) |
| polite (masen deshita) | 硬化しませんでした(こうかしませんでした) |
| Te form | 硬化して(こうかして) |
| Potential | 硬化できる(こうかできる) |
| Passive | 硬化される(こうかされる) |
| Causative | 硬化させる(こうかさせる) |
| Causative passive | 硬化させられる(こうかさせられる) |
| Conditional (ba) | 硬化すれば(こうかすれば) |
| tara | 硬化したら(こうかしたら) |
| Volitional | 硬化しよう(こうかしよう) |
| polite (mashou) | 硬化しましょう(こうかしましょう) |
| Imperative | 硬化しろ(こうかしろ) |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
- Synonym固化こかWrittenWritten register. For matter solidifying and hardening; 「硬化」 also covers attitudes turning hard, as in 「態度を硬化させる」.
- Synonym固まるかたまるNeutralA neutral verb: to solidify, or for opinions and plans to become settled; 「硬化」 is a noun.
- Synonym凝固ぎょうこWrittenWritten. A liquid turning solid, as in 「血液凝固」; 「硬化」 centers on hardening.
- Synonym硬結こうけつWrittenWritten and medical: hardening of the skin or tissue, or the hardened area itself; 「硬化」 is the broader term.
- Related硬直こうちょくWrittenWritten. Stiffness of the body or rigid, inflexible thinking; 「硬化」 leans toward matter hardening or attitudes hardening.
- Related凝るこるCasualColloquial. Stiff, aching shoulders, or being absorbed in and fussing over something; 「硬化」 is about matter turning hard.
- RelatedこわばるCasualColloquial. A face or body stiffening, as in 「顔が強張る」; 「硬化」 is mostly about physical substances.
- Related強直きょうちょくWrittenWritten. Muscle rigidity or an upright, unbending character; 「硬化」 leans toward matter hardening.
- Related固結こけつWrittenWritten. Consolidating or solidifying firmly together; 「硬化」 is the more common word.
- Antonym軟化なんかNeutralThe antonym: becoming soft, or an attitude or the market softening — the direct opposite of 「硬化」.
Use 「硬化」 for matter hardening or an attitude turning hard, as in 「動脈硬化」 and 「態度の硬化」. For solidifying, pick 「凝固」 or 「固まる」; for stiff bodies or rigid thinking, 「硬直」; for stiff faces, 「強張る」; 「軟化」 is the opposite.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only


