おる・居るoru
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- godan verb, intransitive verbto be (animate); to be; to exist
- auxiliary verb, godan verbto be ...-ingafter the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action
- auxiliary verb, godan verbto have ...-ed; to be ...-edafter the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing state
- suffix, godan verbto (have the audacity to) doafter the -masu stem of a verb; indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | おる |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | おります |
| Negative (nai) | おらない |
| polite (masen) | おりません |
| classical zu / nu | おらず・おらぬ |
| Past (ta) | おった |
| polite (mashita) | おりました |
| Past negative (nakatta) | おらなかった |
| polite (masen deshita) | おりませんでした |
| Te form | おって |
| Potential | おれる |
| Passive | おられる |
| Causative | おらせる |
| Causative passive | おらせられる・おらされる |
| Conditional (ba) | おれば |
| tara | おったら |
| Volitional | おろう |
| polite (mashou) | おりましょう |
| Imperative | おれ |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
- SynonymあるNeutralCovers existence or possession of things, plants and abstract matters, e.g. 「予定がある」; for people and animals being somewhere, use 「おる」 or 「いる」 instead.
- SynonymございますFormalFormal, highly polite form matching 「ある」 for 'there is' or 'is'; especially common in the service industry.
- Synonym存するそんするWrittenWritten/formal prose word for existing or remaining, as in 「問題が存する」; leans toward official documents.
- Related居らっしゃるいらっしゃるFormalFormal honorific for someone being in a place; 「おる」 itself is mostly a humble, formal choice in standard Japanese but the everyday word in western Japan.
- Related生きるいきるNeutralMeans to live or stay alive, as in 「百歳まで生きる」; stresses the continuation of life.
- Related生息せいそくWrittenWritten word for animals inhabiting an area, as in 「熊が生息する」; used in biology.
- RelatedおいでになるFormalFormal honorific for someone being present or coming and going, as in 「先生はおいでになりますか」.
- RelatedござるFormalArchaic samurai-style word for being or having; in modern usage mostly confined to period dramas.
- Antonym去るさるNeutralThe opposite of 「おる」: to leave or go away, as in 「その場を去る」.
- Antonym不在ふざいWrittenWritten opposite of 「おる」: not being present somewhere, as in 「担当者は不在です」.
Use 「おる」 to state humbly that someone is present, or as the everyday word in western Japan; otherwise 「いる」 is the general choice. Use 「ある」 for things, 「いらっしゃる」 or 「おいでになる」 to speak respectfully of someone's presence, and 「不在」 for being absent.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only


