もうmou

JLPT N5approx.Common
Definitions
  1. adverbalready; yet; by now; now; (not) any more; (not) any longer
    彼かれはもう帰宅きたくしました。↗
    He has already gone home.
    君きみはもう子供こどもではない。↗
    You are not a child any more.
  2. adverbsoon; shortly; before long; presently
    It is about time we were leaving.
  3. adverbfurther; more; again; another; the other
    一方いっぽうは背せが高たかく、もう一方いっぽうは背せが低ひくい。↗
    One is tall and the other is short.
    ビールをもう一杯いっぱいください。↗
    Another glass of beer, please.
  4. interjectionjeez; geez; gee; boy; come on; damn; seriouslyused to strengthen expression of an emotion (often exasperation)
    もう〜、なにやってんだよ。↗
    Jeez, what're you up to?
Synonyms & antonyms
  • SynonymすでにWrittenWritten-flavoured and objective for things already done, as in 「既に終わっている」; 「もう」 is more colloquial and can also mean 'soon' or 'again'.
  • SynonymもはやWrittenWritten prose stressing that things have reached a point, as in 「もはや手遅れだ」「もはや常識だ」; heavier in tone than 「もう」 and never used for 'soon'.
  • SynonymとっくにCasualColloquial, stressing that something happened long ago, as in 「とっくに帰った」; emphasizes earliness more than 「もう」.
  • SynonymとうにWrittenSame meaning as 「とっくに」 but more written and old-fashioned, as in 「とうに忘れた」; only covers 'long since', never 'soon'.
  • RelatedまもなくNeutralClose to 「もう」 only in the 'soon' sense: a short while from now, often heard in announcements like 「間もなく発車します」; more formal than 「もうすぐ」.
  • RelatedそのうちNeutralPoints to some indefinite time in the future, as in 「そのうち分かる」; vaguer and further off than 「もうすぐ」.
  • RelatedやがてWrittenWritten prose for something that will eventually come about after a while, as in 「やがて春が来る」, with a sense of natural progression.
  • RelatedほどなくWrittenWritten style for 'a short while later', mostly in past narration, as in 「程なく彼が現れた」.
  • Related今やいまやWrittenWritten prose stressing a contrast with the past — things are already so now, as in 「今や世界的な企業だ」.
  • Related今にいまにNeutralFor something bound to happen before long, often carrying a warning or expectation, as in 「今に見ていろ」.
  • Related遠からずとおからずWrittenWritten style for the near future, mostly in predictions, as in 「遠からず実現する」.
  • Related近くちかくWrittenAs an adverb, 'in the near future', as in 「近く発表される」, common in news reports; a longer, more formal time frame than 「もう」.
  • Related今にもいまにもNeutralFor something on the verge of happening, often with 「そうだ」, as in 「今にも雨が降りそうだ」; more imminent than 「もうすぐ」.
  • RelatedそろそろNeutralFor when the time has nearly come, often to suggest it is time to do something, as in 「そろそろ帰ろう」; carries a sense of the moment arriving.
  • Related近々ちかぢかNeutralFor sometime soon, as in 「近々伺います」; a bit more colloquial than the adverb 「近く」.
  • RelatedもうすぐNeutralFor 'in a little while', as in 「もうすぐ夏休み」; matches the 'soon' sense of 「もう」 but is more explicit.
  • Related日ならずひならずWrittenWritten style for 'within a few days', used in advance notices; in everyday speech say 「近いうちに」.

For 'already' use 「もう」; in written prose 「既に」, and to stress it happened long ago 「とっくに」. For 'soon', colloquially 「もうすぐ」 or 「そろそろ」, in announcements 「間もなく」, and for something on the verge 「今にも」.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

Japanese definitions
  1. 〔完了かんりょうしたことや状態じょうたいが変化へんかしてしまっていることを表あらわす〕 もはや。すでに。
  2. 〔話者わしゃから見みて時期じき尚早しょうそうであると感かんじられる様さまを表あらわす〕はやくも。強勢きょうせいを置おいて発音はつおんされる。
  3. 〔近接きんせつ未来みらいや、近ちかい将来しょうらいの事象じしょうに関かんする推測すいそくを表あらわす〕 まもなく。じきに。もうすぐ。
  4. 〔遠とおい過去かこであることを表あらわす〕
  5. 〔基準きじゅんなどを満みたす状態じょうたいになっていることを表あらわす〕
  6. 〔数量すうりょうが少すくないことや皆無かいむであることを表あらわす〕
  7. 〔限定げんていを表あらわす〕
  8. 〔判断はんだんがほぼ固かたまったことを表あらわす〕 ほとんど。
  9. 〔これ以上いじょうしたくない、できない、やめる、というニュアンスを表あらわす〕
  10. 〔叱責しっせき、譴責けんせきを表あらわす〕
  11. 〔肯定的こうていてきな感情かんじょうを表あらわす〕
  12. 〔否定的ひていてきな感情かんじょうを表あらわす〕
  13. 〔驚おどろきや、苦労くろう、困難こんなんといったニュアンスを表あらわす。特とくに数量すうりょうや程度ていどがはなはだしいことを表あらわす〕
  14. 〔二ふたつあるうちの他方たほう〕 のこる。また。
  15. 〔後あとに数量すうりょうや程度ていどを表あらわす表現ひょうげんを伴ともなって〕 このうえ。なお。さらに。
  16. 〔一部いちぶの副詞ふくしに付ついてやや幅はばのある意味いみを付加ふかする〕
  17. うんざりしていることやいら立だっていることを表現ひょうげんする言葉ことば。
English equivalents
See also

JLPT vocabulary levels are community estimates, not official (no official lists have been published since the 2010 revision).

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