生ずる|しょうずるshouzuru[0]heiban (flat)
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- ichidan verb (-zuru), transitive verbto produce; to yield; to cause生ずる is more literary than 生じる
- ichidan verb (-zuru), intransitive verbto result from; to arise; to be generated
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 生ずる(しょうずる) |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 生ずます(しょうずます) |
| Negative (nai) | 生ずない(しょうずない) |
| polite (masen) | 生ずません(しょうずません) |
| classical zu / nu | 生ずず・生ずぬ(しょうずず・しょうずぬ) |
| Past (ta) | 生ずた(しょうずた) |
| polite (mashita) | 生ずました(しょうずました) |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 生ずなかった(しょうずなかった) |
| polite (masen deshita) | 生ずませんでした(しょうずませんでした) |
| Te form | 生ずて(しょうずて) |
| Potential | 生ずられる(しょうずられる) |
| Passive | 生ずられる(しょうずられる) |
| Causative | 生ずさせる(しょうずさせる) |
| Causative passive | 生ずさせられる(しょうずさせられる) |
| Conditional (ba) | 生ずれば(しょうずれば) |
| tara | 生ずたら(しょうずたら) |
| Volitional | 生ずよう(しょうずよう) |
| polite (mashou) | 生ずましょう(しょうずましょう) |
| Imperative | 生ずろ(しょうずろ) |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
- Synonym生じるしょうじるNeutralThe modern, commonly used form of 「生ずる」 with the same meaning; 「生ずる」 is more written and old-fashioned, seen mostly in legal documents.
- Synonym生むうむNeutralRefers to giving birth, and also to producing results, as in 「誤解を生む」; more colloquial than 「生ずる」.
- Synonym作り出すつくりだすNeutralMeans to manufacture or create, as in 「新しい価値を作り出す」; the emphasis is on deliberate human effort.
- Synonym発生はっせいNeutralUsed for accidents and problems occurring, as in 「事故が発生する」; often seen in news reports.
- Synonym生成せいせいNeutralRefers to generating data or substances, as in 「データを生成する」; mostly used in technical contexts.
- Synonym産出さんしゅつNeutralMeans producing or yielding goods and resources, as in 「石油の産出」; the object is a product or commodity, such as crops, goods or minerals.
- Synonym引き起こすひきおこすNeutralMeans to trigger events or problems, as in 「混乱を引き起こす」; the stress is on cause and effect.
- Synonym起こるおこるNeutralThe most common spoken word for things occurring, as in 「地震が起こる」.
- Synonym出来しゅったいWrittenWritten style for events taking place; mostly found in classical texts and rare in modern Japanese.
- Synonym生み出すうみだすNeutralMeans to create or bring forth, as in 「名作を生み出す」; the stress is on making something from nothing.
- Synonym誘発ゆうはつNeutralMeans to induce or trigger, as in 「地震を誘発する」; the stress is on one thing setting off another.
- Synonym産するさんするWrittenWritten style meaning to produce or yield something, as in 「この地に産する」; rare.
- RelatedもたらすNeutralMeans to bring results or news, as in 「幸運をもたらす」 or 「努力が成果をもたらす」; the stress is on bringing a result.
- Related起こすおこすNeutralA transitive verb meaning to cause or stir up, as in 「事故を起こす」; also used for waking someone.
- Related起きるおきるNeutralAn intransitive verb for things happening, as in 「事件が起きる」; common in speech.
- Related発するはっするNeutralMeans to give out sound, light or heat, as in 「声を発する」; also used for originating from a place.
- Related招くまねくNeutralUsed for bringing on bad results, as in 「誤解を招く」; also simply means to invite.
- Related生まれるうまれるNeutralMeans to be born, and also for new things to arise, as in 「新しい発想が生まれる」.
- RelatedきたすWrittenWritten style for leading to adverse consequences, as in 「支障を来す」; the object is usually something negative.
- Antonym消えるきえるNeutralMeans to disappear or go out; the opposite of the arising expressed by 「生ずる」.
- Antonym滅するめっするWrittenWritten style for perishing or being wiped out; the opposite of 「生ずる」.
Use 「生ずる」 for problems or differences arising, but it is written and old-fashioned — modern Japanese usually says 「生じる」. In speech, say 「起こる」 or 「起きる」; use 「発生」 for accidents occurring, 「引き起こす」 for causing something, and 「もたらす」 for bringing results. The opposite is 「消える」.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only


