下す・降す|くだすkudasu[0]heiban (flat)
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Which spelling to use
下す下す is the most common written form, written with kanji and kana, and is the recommended default for beginners.
降す降す is a less common written variant, also written with kanji and kana; beginners should normally choose 下す instead.
Definitions
- godan verb, transitive verbto make a decision; to draw a conclusion
- godan verb, transitive verbto give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to pass a sentence; to give an order
- godan verb, transitive verbto let go down; to lower
- godan verb, transitive verbto do oneself; to do by oneself
- godan verb, transitive verbto beat; to defeat
- godan verb, transitive verbto have loose bowels; to have diarrhea
- godan verb, transitive verbto pass (in stool); to discharge from the body
- suffix, godan verbto do in one go; to do to the end without stoppingafter -masu stem of verb
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 下す（くだす） |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 下します（くだします） |
| Negative (nai) | 下さない（くださない） |
| polite (masen) | 下しません（くだしません） |
| classical zu / nu | 下さず・下さぬ（くださず・くださぬ） |
| Past (ta) | 下した（くだした） |
| polite (mashita) | 下しました（くだしました） |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 下さなかった（くださなかった） |
| polite (masen deshita) | 下しませんでした（くだしませんでした） |
| Te form | 下して（くだして） |
| Potential | 下せる（くだせる） |
| Passive | 下される（くだされる） |
| Causative | 下させる（くださせる） |
| Causative passive | 下させられる（くださせられる） |
| Conditional (ba) | 下せば（くだせば） |
| tara | 下したら（くだしたら） |
| Volitional | 下そう（くだそう） |
| polite (mashou) | 下しましょう（くだしましょう） |
| Imperative | 下せ（くだせ） |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
Transitive / intransitive pair
判決が下る
判決を下す
下る focuses on the event or resulting state, as in 判決が下る; 下す foregrounds the agent acting on something, as in 判決を下す.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Synonyms & antonyms
- RelatedやっつけるCasualColloquial: to beat or finish someone off, or to deal with a task quickly. 「下す」 is for issuing orders, making judgments, or winning.
- Related打ち取るうちとるWrittenWritten register: to slay with a weapon, or retire a batter in baseball. 「下す」 centers on making judgments.
- Related下げるさげるNeutralLowering or hanging something. 「下す」 is for handing down verdicts or making decisions.
- Related引き下げるひきさげるWrittenWritten register: cutting prices, taxes or standards. 「下す」 is about making judgments.
- Related低めるひくめるWrittenWritten register: lowering a position or figure. 「下す」 is for judgments and orders.
- Related取り下ろすとりおろすNeutralTaking something down from a high place. 「下す」 is about handing down verdicts or orders.
- Related積み下ろすつみおろすNeutralUnloading cargo that has been loaded. 「下す」 is about handing down verdicts.
- Relatedなぎ倒すなぎたおすCasualColloquial: to mow things down, or to win one victory after another. 「下す」 is for defeating an opponent.
- Related打ち倒すうちたおすNeutralKnocking down or defeating an opponent. 「下す」 can also mean defeating, but leans toward judgment.
- Relatedぶっ潰すぶっつぶすCasualColloquial: to smash something to pieces or wreck a plan or company. 「下す」 is about making judgments.
- AntonymあげるNeutralRaising or lifting something up — the opposite of 「下す」 when it means putting something down.
- Antonym持ち上げるもちあげるNeutralLifting something up, or figuratively flattering someone — the opposite of 「下す」 when it means lowering something.
For handing down verdicts or orders or making a judgment, use 「下す」, as in 「決断を下す」「判決を下す」. For lowering something, pick 「下げる」; for defeating someone, 「打ち倒す」 or 「やっつける」. The opposite of 「下す」 is 「上げる」.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Japanese definitions
Kanji in this word
See also
