包含|ほうがんhougan[0]heiban (flat)
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Definitions
- noun, suru verb, transitive verbinclusion; comprehension; implication; containing; covering
Conjugation
| Dictionary form | 包含する（ほうがんする） |
|---|---|
| Polite (masu) | 包含します（ほうがんします） |
| Negative (nai) | 包含しない（ほうがんしない） |
| polite (masen) | 包含しません（ほうがんしません） |
| classical zu / nu | 包含せず・包含せぬ（ほうがんせず・ほうがんせぬ） |
| Past (ta) | 包含した（ほうがんした） |
| polite (mashita) | 包含しました（ほうがんしました） |
| Past negative (nakatta) | 包含しなかった（ほうがんしなかった） |
| polite (masen deshita) | 包含しませんでした（ほうがんしませんでした） |
| Te form | 包含して（ほうがんして） |
| Potential | 包含できる（ほうがんできる） |
| Passive | 包含される（ほうがんされる） |
| Causative | 包含させる（ほうがんさせる） |
| Causative passive | 包含させられる（ほうがんさせられる） |
| Conditional (ba) | 包含すれば（ほうがんすれば） |
| tara | 包含したら（ほうがんしたら） |
| Volitional | 包含しよう（ほうがんしよう） |
| polite (mashou) | 包含しましょう（ほうがんしましょう） |
| Imperative | 包含しろ（ほうがんしろ） |
Common forms generated by rule; see the senses for honorific or irregular usage.
Synonyms & antonyms
- Synonym含むふくむNeutralThe most general, everyday verb for containing or including, as in 「税を含む」. 「包含」 is more written in tone and stresses a conceptual whole-embracing-part relation.
- Synonym含有がんゆうWrittenWritten/formal prose for containing a specific ingredient or component, as in 「鉄分を含有する」. Common in chemistry and ingredient listings; not for general inclusion.
- Synonym内包ないほうWrittenWritten/formal prose: to hold problems or contradictions within, as in 「矛盾を内包する」. Leans more abstract than 「包含」.
- Synonym含めるふくめるNeutralMeans counting something in, as in 「税を含めて」. It stresses the act of actively including it in a total or group, while 「包含」 describes what inherently contains what.
- SynonymカバーNeutralColloquial loanword for covering or spanning an area or range, as in 「全域をカバー」, and also for making up for losses. Looser everyday use than 「包含」.
- Synonym包蔵ほうぞうWrittenWritten/formal prose: to harbor secretly within oneself, as in 「野心を包蔵する」. Carries a nuance of concealment that 「包含」 lacks.
- Synonym包めるくるめるNeutralLumps diverse things together into one whole, as in 「ひっくるめる」. 「言いくるめる」, by contrast, means to trick someone, so the two should not be confused.
- Related網羅もうらWrittenWritten/formal prose: to cover or gather everything with nothing left out, as in 「網羅的に調べる」. Stresses exhaustiveness rather than simple containment.
- Related組み込むくみこむNeutralTo build or work something into a larger whole, as in 「計画に組み込む」. Stresses actively fitting it in as a component, not the containment relation of 「包含」.
- Related組み入れるくみいれるNeutralTo incorporate or work something in, as in 「予算に組み入れる」. Very close to 「組み込む」 in meaning and use.
- Related取り込むとりこむNeutralTo take in or absorb, and also to win people over. Stresses actively bringing something in; it does not express conceptual containment like 「包含」.
- Related加えるくわえるNeutralTo add or attach something to what is already there, as in 「仲間に加える」. The focus is on increasing, not on a whole containing its parts.
- Related織り込むおりこむNeutralTo factor something in beforehand, as in 「織り込み済み」. Operates at the planning level rather than expressing plain containment.
- Related取り入れるとりいれるNeutralTo adopt or take in something from outside, as in 「意見を取り入れる」. Stresses absorbing external ideas or methods, not containment.
- Related盛り込むもりこむNeutralTo work content into a plan or document, as in 「法案に盛り込む」. Focuses on what gets packed into the text or scheme.
- Related入れるいれるNeutralThe most colloquial choice: simply to put something in. It does not carry the sense of a whole embracing its parts that 「包含」 has.
- Antonym除外じょがいWrittenAntonym in written prose: to leave something out of a scope, as in 「対象から除外する」; the direct opposite of being included by 「包含」.
- Antonym排除はいじょWrittenAntonym in written prose: to remove or eliminate, as in 「障害を排除する」; the opposite of the accommodating sense of 「包含」.
Everyday 'include' is 「含む」; 「包含」 is written prose for a conceptual whole-embracing-part relation, as in 「AはBを包含する」. Use 「含有」 for ingredients, 「内包」 for abstract contradictions, and 「含める」 when counting something in. 「組み込む」「盛り込む」「織り込む」 work things into plans or texts; 「取り入れる」 and 「取り込む」 bring things in from outside; 「網羅」 covers exhaustively; 「包蔵」 harbors hidden things; 「カバー」 is a colloquial loanword for covering a range. The antonyms 「除外」 and 「排除」 mean leaving out or eliminating.
Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only
Japanese definitions
- 中に包み含んでいること。
Kanji in this word
English equivalents
