含む・銜む|ふくむfukumu[2]nakadaka (mid-high)

1. godan verb, transitive verbto contain; to comprise; to have; to hold; to include; to embrace
   このビタミン剤びたみんざいは栄養分えいようぶんを豊富ほうふに含ふくんでいる。↗

   The vitamin pill contains abundant nutrition.
2. godan verb, transitive verbto hold in the mouth
3. godan verb, transitive verbto bear in mind; to understand; to harbor (grudge, etc.); to harbour
4. godan verb, transitive verbto express (emotion, etc.); to imply

• Synonym内包ないほうWrittenWritten/formal term for inherently containing a quality or problem, as in 「矛盾を内包する」; mostly abstract. 「含む」 is more everyday and covers both concrete and abstract.
• Synonym含有がんゆうWrittenWritten/formal; used for containing a substance as an ingredient, as in 「鉄分を含有する」; common in chemistry and food descriptions. 「含む」 is not limited to ingredients.
• Synonym包含ほうがんWrittenWritten/formal; includes other things within a concept or scope, as in 「〜を包含する概念」; fairly abstract. 「含む」 is far more versatile.
• Synonym含めるふくめるNeutralTransitive verb that counts something into a scope, as in 「税を含めて」「私を含めて」; 「含む」 states that something is included and can also mean holding in the mouth.
• Synonym包蔵ほうぞうWrittenRare written word for harboring within, also holding an idea, with a sense of keeping it hidden; in daily speech use 「含む」 or 「秘める」.
• Synonym包容ほうようWrittenNow mostly means accepting others with tolerance, as in 「包容力」; it overlaps with 「含む」 only in the sense of accommodating or including.
• Synonym蔵するぞうするWrittenWritten/formal; to hold or store within, as in 「多くの問題を蔵する」, with a nuance of not showing on the outside; 「含む」 does not stress hiddenness.
• Related組み込むくみこむNeutralBuilds a part or item into a whole as one of its pieces, as in 「日程に組み込む」; stresses the act of fitting it in, while 「含む」 states that something is contained.
• Related組み入れるくみいれるNeutralWorks something into an organization or plan so it becomes part of it, stressing the arranging-in; 「含む」 simply says something is included.
• Related取り込むとりこむNeutralTakes or draws things in from outside; also winning people over or importing data. Stresses bringing in, while 「含む」 stresses internal inclusion.
• Related織り込むおりこむNeutralLiterally to weave in; by extension, to factor something into a plan, as in 「リスクを織り込む」. 「含む」 is a plain, general statement of inclusion.
• Related取り入れるとりいれるNeutralAdopts opinions, introduces technology, or harvests crops, stressing taking in good things from outside; overlaps with 「含む」 only in the sense of taking in.
• Related網羅もうらWrittenWritten/formal; gathers everything with no omissions, as in 「全種類を網羅する」; stresses completeness, while 「含む」 just says something is included.
• Related伴うともなうNeutralMeans accompanying or arising along with, as in 「危険を伴う」; 「含む」 is about what is contained inside, 「伴う」 about what comes with it.
• RelatedカバーNeutralLoanword meaning to cover a range or make up for a shortfall; it overlaps with 「含む」 only in the sense of covering a scope.
• Related盛り込むもりこむNeutralPacks many items into a plan or proposal, as in 「要望を盛り込む」; stresses rich content, while 「含む」 merely states inclusion.
• Related内含ないがんWrittenRare written word for containing within; in logic it also means material implication. For everyday use, 「含む」 is enough.

Use 「含む」 for containing, holding in the mouth, or harboring an emotion. Count something into a scope with 「含める」, ingredient content with 「含有」, and items worked into a plan with 「盛り込む」 or 「織り込む」. The rest are written/formal terms (内包, 包含, 包蔵, 包容, 蔵する, 網羅, 内含) or words with their own nuance (組み込む, 組み入れる, 取り込む, 取り入れる, 伴う, カバー).

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

1. 水みずなどを口くちの中なかに入いれたままにする。
2. 内うちに包つつみもつ。その範囲はんいに入いれておく。
3. 怨うらみなどを心こころにもつ。何なんかを心こころにとどめておく。
4. 感情かんじょうなどを帯おびる。
5. 言外げんがいの意図いとを忍しのばせる。ほのめかす。関連かんれん語ご ふくみ。
6. 事情じじょうを理解りかいする。