過剰|かじょうkajou[0]heiban (flat)

1. noun, na-adjectiveexcess; surplus; superabundance; overabundance
   安やすい輸入品ゆにゅうひんで市場しじょうが供給きょうきゅう過剰かじょうになるだろう。↗

   Cheap imports will glut the market.

• Synonym過度かどNeutralFocuses on degree going past a proper limit, as in 「過度な運動」; 「過剰」 covers both quantity and degree beyond what is needed.
• Synonym過当かとうWrittenWritten/formal prose for exceeding reasonable limits, seen in set phrases like 「過当競争」; far less common than 「過剰」.
• Synonym過大かだいNeutralSays estimates, demands and the like are too large, as in 「過大評価」「過大な期待」; the stress is on size and weight, while 「過剰」 stresses exceeding what is needed.
• Synonym過多かたNeutralQuantity only — too many or too much of something; used alone or in compounds like 「情報過多」「胃酸過多」「供給過多」. Unlike 「過剰」, it never covers degree.
• Synonym余剰よじょうNeutralRefers to what is left over or surplus, as in 「余剰人員」「余剰資金」; the focus is the remaining amount, while 「過剰」 focuses on exceeding a proper range.
• Synonym過重かじゅうNeutralLimited to weight and burdens being too heavy, as in 「過重労働」; 「過剰」 applies broadly to quantity and degree.
• Synonym甚だしいはなはだしいWrittenWritten/formal prose for extreme in degree, as in 「誤解も甚だしい」; mostly used of negative things, stressing severity rather than exceeding what is needed.
• Synonym過分かぶんWrittenWritten/formal prose for going beyond one's station or a standard, as in 「過分なお言葉」「過分な報酬」; often a humble expression. 「過剰」 has no link to status.
• Synonym剰余じょうよWrittenWritten/formal prose for what remains after needs are met, or a remainder in division, as in 「剰余金」; leans accounting/math and does not itself imply excess.
• RelatedあまりNeutralAs a noun, the leftover part; as an adverb, 'not very' with a negative or 'too much' on its own, as in 「あまり多くない」. Far more everyday than 「過剰」.
• Related法外ほうがいNeutralDescribes outrageous prices or demands, as in 「法外な値段」「法外な要求」; stresses going beyond common sense, while 「過剰」 stresses exceeding what is needed.
• RelatedめちゃくちゃCasualColloquial for senseless or chaotic, also used as an adverb of degree, as in 「めちゃくちゃ高い」; stronger and more casual than 「過剰」.
• Related並み外れなみはずれNeutralFar above the average level, as in 「並外れた才能」; usually positive, whereas 「過剰」 means beyond a proper range and carries a negative tone.
• Related無茶むちゃNeutralReckless or unreasonable, as in 「無茶な要求」「無茶をする」; the stress is rash behavior, not a surplus of quantity.
• RelatedやたらCasualColloquial for doing things indiscriminately or without restraint, as in 「やたらに高い」「やたら食べる」; mostly an adverb, while 「過剰」 is a noun or adjectival noun.
• Related極端きょくたんNeutralLeaning to one extreme, as in 「極端な意見」「極端に走る」; the point is straying from the middle, not necessarily having too much.
• Related余計よけいNeutralExtra and unneeded, as in 「余計なお世話」; carries annoyance at something being a nuisance, while 「過剰」 states excess objectively.
• RelatedあまりにNeutralAn adverb meaning overly, as in 「あまりに高い」; modifies adjectives and verbs and cannot serve as a noun the way 「過剰」 can.
• Related大げさおおげさNeutralExaggerated or making a mountain of a molehill, as in 「大げさに言う」; about overdone words and behavior, not a surplus of quantity.
• Related超過ちょうかNeutralGoing over a set limit, as in 「時間超過」「定員超過」; measured against a fixed standard, while 「過剰」 is measured against what is appropriate.
• RelatedとてつもないCasualColloquial for absurdly huge or unbelievably outrageous, as in 「とてつもない額」; carries a tone of astonishment, while 「過剰」 just says beyond what is needed.
• RelatedむやみNeutralActing without thought or to excess, usually as the adverb 「むやみに」, as in 「むやみに信じる」; adds a rash nuance 「過剰」 lacks.
• Relatedご大層ごたいそうCasualColloquial and ironic for exaggerated, overdone talk or display, as in 「ご大層なことを言う」; about words and show, not quantity.
• Antonym不足ふそくNeutralNot enough of something, as in 「人手不足」; the direct opposite of 「過剰」 in amount, and the two are often set side by side.
• Antonym欠乏けつぼうWrittenLeans written/formal: a lack of something essential, as in 「栄養欠乏」; opposed to 「過剰」 and heavier in tone than 「不足」.

Use 「過剰」 when quantity or degree exceeds what is needed, as in 「過剰包装」「自信過剰」. For degree past a proper limit choose 「過度」; for something too large, 「過大」; for going over a set limit, 「超過」; for excessive weight or burdens, 「過重」. The opposites are 「不足」 and 「欠乏」.

Usage comparisons are AI-assisted and cross-checked by multiple models; for study reference only

1. 程度ていどや量りょうが適切てきせつな範囲はんいを超こえていること。またそのさま。